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Huangyaozi (Airpotato Yam Rhizome)---黄药子

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It is the rhizome of Dioscorea bulbifera L.,family Dioscoreaceae. The rhizoes are dug and collected in autumn and winter. After the leaves and fibrous roots are removed, they are washed clean and sliced to be dired in the sun. The raw are used.

[ Medicinal Properties ]: Bitter, neutral and toxic; relate to lung and liver meridians.

[ Medicinal Efficacies ]: Resolve phlegm, soften hardness and dissipate mass; clear heat and remove toxin; cool blood and stop bleeding.

[ Clinical Applications ]: 1. Goiter      To treat qi goiter below neck, it is soaked in liquor for drinking, or combined with Haizao and Muli in Xiaoying Decoction. In codern times, it treats many kinds of thyroid swelling.

2. Carbuncle ,sore throat, bite by poisonous snake       It is effictive alone. In modern times, it treats tumors in thyroid and digestive tract , in combination of Haizao, Kunbu, Baihuashenshecao and Shancigu.

3. Blood-heat manifested as hematemesis, epistaxis and hemoptysis       It usually treats blood-heat resulting in hematemesis, epistaxis and hemoptysis with Puhuang and Zonglutan, with better effects for hemoptysis.

It can also treat cough and dyspnea.

[ Usage ad Dosage ]: 5-15g. 1-2g is ground into powder for oral administration.

[ Precautions ]: Over-use or prolonged administration causes vomiting and abdominal pain, so it must be used with caution when treating deficiency of spleen and stomach. Since it damages liver in a certain degree, it is used with caution in cases of damaged liver functions.

黄药子为薯蓣科植物黄独Dioscorea bulbifera L.的块茎。主产于湖北、湖南、江苏等地。秋冬两季采挖。除去根叶及须根,洗净,切片晒干生用。

       【药性】苦,寒。有毒。归肺、肝经。        【功效】化痰散结消瘿,清热解毒。       
 
【应用】        1.瘿瘤。本品能化痰软坚,散结消瘿,《斗门方》治项下气瘿结肿,单以本品浸酒饮;亦可与海藻、牡蛎等配伍同用,如海药散(《证治准绳》)。       
 
 2.疮疡肿毒,咽喉肿痛,毒蛇咬伤。本品能清热解毒,可单用或配其他清热解毒药同用。       
 
 此外,本品还有凉血止血作用,可用于血热引起的吐血,衄血,咯血等;并兼有止咳平喘作用,亦可治咳嗽、气喘、百日咳等。       
 
【用法用量】煎服,5~15g;研末服,1~2g。外用,适量鲜品捣敷,或研末调敷,或磨汁涂。       
 
 【使用注意】本品有毒,不宜过量。如多服、久服可引起吐泻腹痛等消化道反应,并对肝肾有一定损害,故脾胃虚弱及肝肾功能损害者慎用。       
 
【古籍摘要】        l.《开宝本草》:“主恶肿疮瘘,喉痹,蛇犬咬毒。”        2.《本草纲目》:“凉血,降火,消瘿。解毒。”       
 
 3.《萃金裘本草述录》:“治肺热咳嗽,唾血,鼻衄,舌衄,舌肿,咽喉肿痛。”       
 
【现代研究】        1.化学成分:黄药子含黄药子素A~H,8-表黄药子E乙酸酯,薯蓣皂苷元、D-山梨糖醇、二氢薯蓣碱,还含蔗糖、还原糖、淀粉、鞣质。       
 
 2.药理作用:黄药子对缺碘所致的动物甲状腺肿有一定的治疗作用。水煎剂或醇浸物水液对离体肠管有抑制作用,而对未孕子宫则有兴奋作用,此外有止血作用。水浸剂体外对多种致病真菌有不同程度的抑制作用。能直接抑制心肌,醇浸物水液的抑制作用较水煎剂强。       
 
3.临床研究:现代多用黄药子治甲状腺疾患及消化、呼吸系统肿瘤,除此之外,还多妇科及皮肤粘膜疾患:如黄药子浸黄酒后,用消毒棉球浸贴于宫颈表面,治宫颈炎(重庆医药,1988,3:148);用乙醇黄药子酊,直接涂擦皮损局部,治疗银屑病(皮肤病防治资料,1986,1:11);黄药子与朴硝、瓦松一同蒸煮,薰洗患处,治疗小儿肛周瘘管有良效(实用中医药杂志,1994,1:16);此外,还可治皮肤疣(中西医结合杂志,1989,1:44)、急性软组织损伤(辽宁中医杂志,1988,10:39)、老年人前列腺肥大性尿潴留(浙江中医杂志,1993,3:37)。       
 
 4.不良反应:常规剂量服用黄药子制剂后,也会出现口干,有食欲不振、恶心、腹痛等消化道反应。服用过量可引起口、舌、喉等处烧灼痛,流涎,恶心,呕吐,腹痛腹泻,瞳孔缩小,严重者出现黄疸。其直接毒性作用,是该药或其代替产物在肝内达到一定浓度时干扰细胞代谢的结果,大量的有毒物质在体内蓄积可以导致急性肝中毒,最后出现明显黄疸,因肝昏迷,也有因窒息,心脏麻痹而死亡。中毒救治:除一般常规处理外,内服蛋清水或葛根糊、活性炭。静泳滴注葡萄糖盐水。给于大量维生素C、B和ATP、辅酶A。也可用大量绿豆汤,或生姜30g榨汁,用白米醋60ml,甘草10g、加水煎成500ml饮用。

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