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Shexiang (Musk)---麝香

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shexiang-yuantai-l.jpgshexiang-yaocai-l.jpg

 It is the dry substance secreted by the gland in the sub-umbilical sac of the mature male Moschus berezovskii FLerov, Moschus sifanicus Przewalski or Moschus moschiferus Linnaeus, family Cervidae. The wild deer are mostly hunted in winter or the next spring. The musk gland which is cut -off and dried in shade is traditionally called "Raw-shell Shexiang'. The shell, when used, should be removed and Shexiangren is kept for use, among which the granule is called Dangmenz. For the domesticated animal the gland is often taken directly form the musk, and then dried in the shade. It should be stored in air-tight and light-proof container.

[ Medicinal Properties ]: Pungent, warm; relate to heart and spleen meridians.

[ Medicinal Efficacies ] : Regain consciousness; activate blood and meridians; relieve swelling and alleviate pain.

[ Clinical Applications ]: 1. Sthenia-syndrome of coma      It is the primary medicinal for regaining consciousness for its strong running nature and is used for cold and heat sthenia-syndromes of coma caused by varioius reasons. For cases of heat-type, it is often used together with Niuhuang, bingpian, Zhusha, such as, in the Angong Niuhuang Pill and the Zhibao Pill. WHile for cases of cold-type, it if often combined with Suhexiang, Tanxiang and Anxixiang, as in Suhexiang Pill.

2. Carbuncle, ulcer and sore throat       It is efficacious for both oral and external applications. For carbuncle and ulcer, it is used together with Xionghuang, Ruxiang and Moyao, such as in the Xingxiao Pill. In cases of sore throat, it is often combined with Niuhuang, Chansu, and Zhenzhu.

3. Blood-stasis type amenorrhea, abdomen mass, Chest-bi, trauma, wind-cold-damp Bi-syndroem      For amenorrhea due to blood-stasis, it may be combined with Danshen, Taoren, Honghua and Chuanxiong. In cases of abdomen mass, it is used with Shuizi,Mengcong, and Sanleng, such as, in the Huazhenghuisheng PIll. For physical trauma, it is efficacious both orally and externally, and is usually combined with Ruxiang, and Moyao, as in the Qili Powder.

4. Dystocia, dead fetus and retention of placenta       For dystocia and dead fetus, it may be combined with Rougui, such as , in the Xianggui Powder. Also , it can be processed into pills with shallot juice and combined together with Zhuyazao and Tianhuafen for external use.

[ Usage and Dosage ]: It is processed into powder or pill, 0.03-0.1g. The appropriate amount is used for external application.

[ Precautions ]: It is contraindicated in pregnant women.

[ Annotation]: In modern times, Lingmaoxiang is taken from the musk gland of Viverricula indica Desmarest and Viverra zibetha L.,family viverridae and sheshuxiang is taken from the musk gland of grown-up male Ondatra zibetha L.,family Cricetidae. They have similar chemical ingredients and functions and can be used orally or externally, as a replacement for Shexiang. In addition, the artificial Shexiang is like natural Shexiang, and is commonly used in clinical practice.

麝香为鹿科动物林麝Moschus berezovskii Flerov、马麝M.sifanicus Przewalski或原麝M.moschiferus Linnaeus成熟雄体香囊中的干燥分泌物。主产四川、西藏、云南、陕西、甘肃、内蒙古等地。野生麝多在冬季至次春猎取,猎取后,割取香囊,阴干,习称“毛壳麝香”,用时剖开香囊,除去囊壳,称“麝香仁”,其中呈颗粒状者称“当门子”。人工驯养麝多直接从香囊中取出麝香仁,阴干。本品应密闭,避光贮存。

       【药性】辛,温。归心、脾经。        【功效】开窍醒神,活血通经,消肿止痛。       
 
【应用】        1.闭证神昏。麝香辛温,气极香,走窜之性甚烈,有很强的开窍通闭、辟秽化浊作用,为醒神回苏之要药。可用于各种原因所致之闭证神昏,无论寒闭、热闭,用之皆效。用治温病热陷心包,痰热蒙蔽心窍,小儿惊风及中风痰厥等热闭神昏,常配伍牛黄、冰片、朱砂等,组成凉开之剂,如安宫牛黄丸(《温病条辨》)、至宝丹(《和剂局方》)等;因其性温,故寒闭证尤宜,治中风卒昏,中恶胸腹满痛等寒浊或痰湿阻闭气机,蒙蔽神明之寒闭神昏,常配伍苏合香、檀香、安息香等药,组成温开之剂,如苏合香丸(《和剂局方》)。       
 
 2.疮疡肿毒,瘰疬痰核,咽喉肿痛。本品辛香行散,有良好的活血散结,消肿止痛作用,用治上述诸症,内服、外用均有良效。用治疮疡肿毒,常与雄黄、乳香、没药同用,如醒消丸(《外科全生集》),也可与牛黄、乳香、没药同用,如牛黄醒消丸(《外科全生集》);用治咽喉肿痛,可与牛黄、蟾酥、珍珠等配伍,如六神丸(《中药制剂手册》)。      
 
  3.血瘀经闭,癥瘕,心腹暴痛,头痛,跌打损伤,风寒湿痹。本品辛香,开通走窜,可行血中之瘀滞,开经络之壅遏,而具活血通经、止痛之效。用治血瘀经闭证,常与丹参、桃仁、红花、川芎等药同用;若癥瘕痞块等血瘀重证,可与水蛭、虻虫、三棱等配伍,如化癥回生丹(《温病条辨》);本品开心脉,祛瘀滞,为治心腹暴痛之佳品,常配伍木香、桃仁等,如麝香汤(《圣济总录》);治偏正头痛,日久不愈者,常与赤芍、川芎、桃仁等合用,如通窍活血汤(《医林改错》);麝香又为伤科要药,善于活血祛瘀、消肿止痛,治跌仆肿痛、骨折扭挫,不论内服,外用均有良效,常与乳香、没药、红花等配伍,如七厘散(《良方集腋》)、八厘散(《医宗金鉴》);用治风寒湿痹证疼痛,顽固不愈者,可与独活、威灵仙、桑寄生等同用。       
 
 4.难产,死胎,胞衣不下。本品活血通经,辛香走窜,力达胞宫,有催生下胎之效。治难产、死胎等,常与肉桂配伍,如香桂散(《张氏医通》);亦有以本品与猪牙皂、天花粉同用,葱汁为丸,外用取效,如堕胎丸(《河北医药集锦》)。       
 
【用法用量】入丸、散,每次0.03~0.1g。外用适量。不宜入煎剂。        【使用注意】孕妇禁用。       
 
【古籍摘要】        1.《神农本草经》:“主辟恶气……温疟,蛊毒、痫至,去三虫。”       
 
 2.《名医别录》:“中恶,心腹暴痛胀急,痞满,风毒,妇人产难,堕胎,去面黾,目中肤翳。”       
 
3.《本草纲目》:“通诸窍,开经络,透肌骨,解酒毒,消瓜果食积,治中风、中气、中恶、痰厥、积聚癥瘕。”“盖麝走窜,能通诸窍之不利,开经络之壅遏,若诸风、诸气、诸血、诸痛,惊痫、癥瘕诸病,经络壅闭,孔窍不利者,安得不用为引导以开之通之耶?非不可用也,但不可过耳”。       
 
【现代研究】        1.化学成分:麝香所含成分主要有:麝香大环化合物如麝香酮等,甾族化合物如睾丸酮、雌二醇、胆甾醇,多种氨基酸如天门冬氨酸、丝氨酸,以及无机盐和其他成分如尿囊素、蛋白激酶激活剂等。       
 
2.药理作用:麝香对中枢神经系统的作用是双向性的,小剂量兴奋,大剂量则抑制,增强中枢神经系统的耐缺氧能力,改善脑循环;麝香具有明显的强心作用,能兴奋心脏,增加心脏收缩振幅,增强心肌功能;麝香对由于血栓引起的缺血性心脏障碍有预防和治疗作用;麝香有一定的抗炎作用,其抗炎作用与氢化可的松相似;麝香对子宫有明显兴奋、增强宫缩作用,尤对在体妊娠子宫更为敏感,对非妊娠子宫的兴奋发生较慢,但作用持久,麝香酮能明显增加子宫收缩频率和强度,并有抗着床和抗早孕作用,且随孕期延长,抗孕作用更趋显著;本品对人体肿瘤细胞有抑制作用,浓度大则作用强,对小鼠艾氏腹水癌细胞和肉瘤S180细胞有杀灭作用。       
 
 3.临床研究:以人工麝香含片(每片相当于麝香4.5mg)于心绞痛发作或有发作先兆时含l~2片,大多数用药后5~10分钟见效(中草药动态,1977,2:7);或用麝香、猪牙皂、白芷等制成麝香心绞痛膏,每次2张,分别贴于心前区痛处及心俞穴,治疗冠心病(中西医结合杂志,1988,7:409)有良效;复方麝香注射液腧穴注射,治疗小儿脑性瘫痪,总有效率为84.9%(辽宁中医杂志,1993,11:15);麝香注射液穴注配合高压氧治疗脑病后中枢性意识障碍及失语,治疗33例,有效率93.9%(现代康复,2001,5:118);用麝香酮含片(1.5mg),个体病情严重者加用合成麝香酮注射剂lmg,治疗血管性头痛25例,总有效率为80%(中成药研究,1987,5:23);单用麝香研细,少许生理盐水调后外敷,治疗皮肤坏死性溃疡,一般用药5~10次痊愈(广东医学,1994,6:422);石门穴位和臀部肌内注射麝香注射液(每ml含生药25mg)2ml、芫花注射液(每ml含生药2.5mg)1ml混合液,用于妇女避孕,实验观察200例,总有效率83%(四川中医,1990,3:45);另外有单用麝香研细,生理盐水调后外敷,治疗皮肤坏死性溃疡(广东医学,1994,6:422),以麝香穴敷(神闕穴)为主治疗外伤并发肠麻痹(现代中西医结合杂志,2001,2:155),火针焠刺麝香后针刺治疗肩周炎(新中医,2001,4:43),用麝香酮含片(1.5mg),治疗血管性头痛(中成药研究,1987,5:23)等。       
 
4.不良反应:麝香和麝香酮毒性都很小。但有报道麝香中毒致急性肾功能衰竭2例(中华肾脏病杂志,1994,1:8);另有麝香膏剂外用致过敏的报道(中华皮肤科杂志,1986,6:362)。       
 
【其它】近代研究从灵猫科动物小灵猫Viverricula indica Desmarest.、大灵猫Viverra zibetha L.的香囊中采取灵猫香,从仓鼠科动物成龄雄性麝鼠Ondatra zibetha L.的香囊中采取麝鼠香,它们具有与麝香相似的化学成分及功效,可用来代替麝香外用或内服。另外,人工麝香有与天然麝香基本相似的疗效,现已广泛用于临床,代替天然麝香,弥补药源的不足。

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